This research was commissioned by the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The opinions expressed in the report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM. The designations employed and the presen-tation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opin-ion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, ter-ritory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.